Glycemic control in diabetes mellitus: have changes in therapy made a difference? Am J Med. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes UKPDS DeFronzo RA. Pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am.
American Diabetes Association. Rationale for the use of insulin therapy alone as the pharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes. Prim Care. Therapy of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular death, and the UGDP.
Am Heart J. A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patients with adult-onset diabetes. Mortality results. Gerich JE. Oral hypoglycemic agents.
N Engl J Med. Efficacy of metformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Multicenter Metformin Study Group. The metabolic effects of metformin in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Therapeutic comparison of metformin and sulfonylurea, alone and in various combinations. A double-blind controlled study. One year comparative trial of metformin and glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes Metab. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes UKPDS Avandia [package insert]. Philadelphia, Pa. Actos [package insert]. Indianapolis, Ind. Rosiglitazone taken once daily provides effective glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. Rosiglitazone short-term monotherapy lowers fasting and post-prandial glucose in patients with type II diabetes.
Thiazolidinediones in the treatment of insulin resistance and type II diabetes. The Troglitazone Study Group. Hepatic failure in a patient taking rosiglitazone. Hepatocellular injury in a patient receiving rosiglitazone. A case report. Effect of troglitazone in insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Troglitazone and Exogenous Insulin Study Group. Troglitazone use in insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients.
The Troglitazone Insulin Study Group. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A multicenter controlled clinical trial. Clinical experience with acarbose: results of a Canadian multicentre study. Clin Invest Med. Precose [package insert] West Haven, Conn.
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Glimepiride Combination Group. Efficacy of insulin and sulfonylurea combination therapy in type II diabetes. A meta-analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. Buse J. Safety — There have been reports of severe liver injury in small numbers of patients receiving Rezulin and this product has now been removed from the market.
Most cases of liver damage occured early in treatment with the drug and were reversible when it was stopped but there have been some deaths. The newer agents such as Actos and Avandia have a much lower incidence of this side effect. They inhibit the upper gastrointestinal enzymes that converts dietary starch and other complex carbohydrates into simple sugars which can be absorbed.
The result is to slow the absorption of glucose after meals. As in patients with type 2 diabetes, patients with type 1 diabetes have a reduction in the amplitude of glucose excursion and HbA1c and a possible reduction in nocturnal hypoglycemia with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
The main side effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are flatulence and diarrhea. These symptoms are usually mild and do not necessitate cessation of therapy.
Engaging patients in high-quality, compassionate health care. There are now four classes of hypoglycemic drugs: Sulfonylureas Metformin Thiazolidinediones Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. They are: After exercise or a missed meal. When the drug dose is too high.
With the use of longer-acting drugs glyburide, chlorpropamide. In patients who are undernourished or abuse alcohol. In patients with impaired renal or cardiac function or inter-current gastrointestinal disease.
With concurrent therapy with salicylates, sulfonamides, fibric acid derivatives such as gemfibrozil , and warfarin. After being in the hospital. However, given the relatively high incidence of hypoglycemia in patients taking glyburide or chlorpropamide, shorter acting drugs should probably be used in elderly patients Repaglinide — Repaglinide is a short-acting glucose-lowering drug recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for therapy of type 2 diabetes alone or in combination with metformin.
They are: It is less likely to cause hypoglycemia. It has prominent lipid-lowering activity, producing a significant reduction in serum triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations, a small reduction in serum low-density lipoprotein LDL cholesterol concentration, and an elevation in serum high-density lipoprotein HDL cholesterol concentration.
Serious lactic acid accumulation usually occurs only in the presence of a predisposing conditions including: Renal insufficiency. The pharmacologic basis for better clinical practice. Clin Pharmacol Ther. Glyburide transport across the human placenta. JAMA Pediatr.
Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus: glyburide compared to subcutaneous insulin therapy and associated perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Insignificant transfer of glyburide occurs across the human placenta.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. Comparative placental transport of oral hypoglycemic agents in humans: a model of human placental drug transfer. Placental passage of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. The degree of fetal metformin exposure does not influence fetal outcome in gestational diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabet. Carrier-mediated transport of metformin across the human placenta determined by using the ex vivo perfusion of the placental cotyledon model.
Prenat Diagn. Transfer of metformin across the dually perfused human placental lobule. Epub Jul 5. Bauman W, Yalow R. Transplacental passage of insulin complexed to antibody. Proc Natl Acad Sci.
Type 1 diabetes-related antibodies in the fetal circulation: prevalence and influence on cord inulin and birth weight in offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Evaluation of insulin antibodies and placental transfer of insulin aspart in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Epub Aug Transfer of insulin lispro across the human placenta: in vitro perfusion studies.
Diabetes Care. Placental transfer of the insulin analog glargine in the ex vivo perfused placental cotyledon model. Endocr Res. Insulin glargine safety in pregnancy: a transplacental transfer study. False Alarms and pseudo-epidemics: The limitations of observational epidemiology. Grimes DA. Epidemiologic research using administrative databases. Venous thromboembolism discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry should be used with caution. J Clin Epidemiol. Ioannidis JP.
Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. Glycemic targets for the optimal treatment of GDM. Clin Obstet Gynecol. Metformin compared with glyburide for the management of gestational diabetes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. Perinatal impact of the use of metformin and glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Perinat Med. Metformin compared with glyburide in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
A comparison between two oral hypoglycemic: glyburide and metformin and their combination for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus — a prospective randomized controlled study. Yun-fa Jiang, Xue-yan Chen, Tao Ding, Xiao-feng Wang, Zhong-ning Zhu, Su-wen Su: Comparative efficacy and safety of oral antidiabetic drugs in management of gestational diabetes: network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
J Clin Endocrinol Metab —11; doi: Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Insulin and glyburide therapy: dosage, severity level of gestational diabetes, and pregnancy outcome. Use of glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes: the San Antonio experience. PMID: Glyburide in gestational diabetes--prediction of treatment failure. Epub Nov Glyburide for the management of gestational diabetes: Risk factors predictive of failure and associated pregnancy outcomes.
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Goodman and Gilman, The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Twelfthth ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; PLoS One. Comparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetics with markedly elevated oral glucose challenge test and fasting hyperglycemia. J Perinatol. Epub Mar Safety of glyburide for gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes.
Ann Pharmacother. Oral hypoglycemic agents vs insulin in management of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Undiagnosed asymptomatic hypoglycemia: diet, insulin, and glyburide for gestational diabetic pregnancy. Hypoglycemia in glyburide-treated gestational diabetes: is it dose-dependent? Ann Intern Med. The use of glyburide in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Adv Med Sci. Neonatal adiposity following maternal treatment of gestational diabetes with glyburide compared with insulin.
Perinatal outcomes and the use of oral hypoglycemic agents. Comparison of glyburide versus insulin in management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. Tempe A, Mayanglambam RD. Glyburide as treatment option for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. Glibenclamide in the treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus in a compared study to insulin. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. Randomized trial of metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes.
Metformin compared with insulin in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Epub Oct Metformin should be considered in the treatment of gestational diabetes: a prospective randomized study. Comparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetes in a large managed care organization.
Efficacy and safety of oral antidiabetic drugs in comparison to insulin in treating gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. The role of the kidneys in glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes: clinical implications and therapeutic significance through sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors.
Kasichayanula, X. Liu, F. Lacreta, S. Griffen, D. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dapagliflozin, a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter type 2. Clin Pharmacokinet. Merovci, C. Solis-Herrera, G. Daniele, R. Eldor, T. Fiorentino, D. Tripathy, et al. Dapagliflozin improves muscle insulin sensitivity but enhances endogenous glucose production.
J Clin Invest. Del Prato, M. Nauck, S. Maffei, K. Rohwedder, A. Theuerkauf, et al. Long-term glycaemic response and tolerability of dapagliflozin versus a sulphonylurea as add-on therapy to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: 4-year data. Diabetes Obes Metab. Rosenstock, M. Vico, L. Wei, A. Salsali, J. Effects of dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on HbA 1 c , body weight, and hypoglycemia risk in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on pioglitazone monotherapy.
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Jabbour, E. Hardy, J. Parikh, Study 10 Group. Dapagliflozin is effective as add-on therapy to sitagliptin with or without metformin: a week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Rosenstock, L. Hansen, P. Zee, Y. Li, W. Cook, B. Hirshberg, et al. Dual add-on therapy in type 2 diabetes poorly controlled with metformin monotherapy: a randomized double-blind trial of saxagliptin plus dapagliflozin addition versus single addition of saxagliptin or dapagliflozin to metformin.
Ferrannini, S. Ramos, A. Salsali, W. Tang, J. Dapagliflozin monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycemic control by diet and exercise: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Bailey, J. Gross, A. Pieters, A. Bastien, J. Effect of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes who have inadequate glycaemic control with metformin: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Gross, D. Hennicken, N. Iqbal, T. Mansfield, J. Dapagliflozin add-on to metformin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled week trial. BMC Med. Del Prato, S. Langkilde, J. Sugg, et al. Durability of glycaemic efficacy over 2 years with dapagliflozin versus glipizide as add-on therapies in patients whose type 2 diabetes mellitus is inadequately controlled with metformin.
Wilding, P. Norwood, C. List, F. A study of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving high doses of insulin plus insulin sensitizers: applicability of a novel insulin-independent treatment. Roden, J. Weng, J. Eilbracht, B. Delafont, G. Kim, H. Woerle, et al.
Empagliflozin monotherapy with sitagliptin as an active comparator in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Merker, E. Seewaldt-Becker, M. Weimer, T. Meinicke, U. Broedl, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Meinicke, H. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Kovacs, V. Seshiah, R. Swallow, R. Jones, H. Rattunde, H. Empagliflozin improves glycaemic and weight control as add-on therapy to pioglitazone or pioglitazone plus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Rosenstock, A. Jelaska, C. Zeller, G. Kim, U. Broedl, H. Impact of empagliflozin added on to basal insulin in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin: a week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Jelaska, G. Frappin, A. Salsali, G. Improved glucose control with weight loss, lower insulin doses, and no increased hypoglycemia with empagliflozin added to titrated multiple daily injections of insulin in obese inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Andersen, C.
Woerle, U. Comparison of empagliflozin and glimepiride as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a week randomised, active-controlled, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Cefalu, K. Kim, M. Alba, K. Usiskin, C. Tong, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin monotherapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with diet and exercise. Januszewicz, J. Davidson, C.
Tong, R. Qiu, W. Canovatchel, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin compared with placebo and sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin monotherapy: a randomised trial.
Wilding, G. Charpentier, P. Hollander, G. Mathieu, F. Vercruysse, et al. Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with metformin and sulphonylurea: a randomised trial. Int J Clin Pract. Schernthaner, J. Gross, J. Guarisco, M. Fu, J. Yee, et al. Canagliflozin compared with sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who do not have adequate glycemic control with metformin plus sulfonylurea: a week randomized trial.
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